Hyponatremia (2025)

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Learning Objectives:

Define Hyponatremia and Understand Its Clinical Significance Explain the definition of hyponatremia, typically characterized by a serum sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L. Discuss the potential clinical consequences of hyponatremia, including neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma.
Classify the Different Types of Hyponatremia Based on Volume Status Differentiate between hypovolemic, euvolemic, and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Identify common causes for each type: Hypovolemic Hyponatremia: Caused by conditions such as diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic use, and excessive sweating. Euvolemic Hyponatremia: Often associated with the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH), which can result from factors like certain medications or central nervous system disorders. WIKIPEDIA Hypervolemic Hyponatremia: Seen in conditions like heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney failure.
Recognize the Clinical Presentation and Symptoms of Hyponatremia Identify symptoms ranging from mild (e.g., nausea, headache) to severe (e.g., seizures, decreased consciousness). Discuss how the rate of sodium decline influences symptom severity. Develop Diagnostic Approaches for Hyponatremia Interpret laboratory findings, including serum osmolality, urine osmolality, and urine sodium concentration. Utilize clinical assessments to determine the patient's volume status.

Anis Rauf, DO

Physician

NANI

Dr. Rauf attended Northwestern University where he completed a Bachelors degree in Bio-medical Engineering in 1997 and graduated in the top 5% of his medical school class at Midwestern University in Downers Grove, IL in 2001. He completed an Internal Medicine Residency at University of Illinois at Chicago in 2004. He then went on to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minnesota to compete a Critical Care Fellowship and then came back to Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood to complete a fellowship in Nephrology and Hypertension. Dr. Rauf is Board Certified in Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine. Throughout his training he has published widely on a number of Nephrology and Critical Care topics and has been noted for his outstanding teaching skills--noted by patients, students as well as his peers.

After completing his training in 2007, Dr. Rauf founded Advanced Renal Care and developed a very successful practice of several academic nephrologists before joining as a senior physician within Nephrology Associates of Northern Illinois which is currently the largest nephrology practice in the US. He serves as the Medical Director of US Renal Care Oakbrook and also serves as an Associate Professor at Midwestern University Medical School. Throughout his training, he has been known to deliver high quality and compassionate care to all of his patients. The Mayo Clinic philosophy of putting the needs of the patient first permeates his every patient encounter. His expertise in clinical nephrology, hypertension, kidney transplantation, and critical care medicine gives him all the tools to deliver unparalleled care to all his patients.