Learning Objectives:

• Understand initial assessment and triage of patients presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome.
• Know the treatment options for patients with acute coronary syndrome.
• Understand the complications that may develop in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Chad A. Link, DO, FACC, FACOI, Cardiologist, University of Michigan Health- Sparrow

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the importance of the clinical exam in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease.
• Learn the basic approach to medical care of patients with peripheral arterial disease.
• Know when to refer patients with peripheral arterial disease for advanced / non-medical therapy.

Chad A. Link, DO, FACC, FACOI, Cardiologist, University of Michigan Health- Sparrow

Learning Objectives:

• Know the classic clinical findings in patient with critical valve disease.
• Understand the indications for recommending intervention for a patient with critical valve disease.
• Understand the basic anatomical pathology of the common congenital heart lesions.

Chad A. Link, DO, FACC, FACOI, Cardiologist, University of Michigan Health- Sparrow

Learning Objectives:

• Recognize and Differentiate Common Arrhythmias Identify the electrocardiographic (ECG) features of common arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and bradyarrhythmias. Distinguish between benign and life-threatening arrhythmias based on clinical presentation and ECG findings. Understand the role of ambulatory ECG monitoring (Holter or event monitors) for detecting intermittent arrhythmias.
• Implement Evidence-Based Management Strategies Apply acute and chronic treatment strategies for arrhythmias, including rate vs. rhythm control in atrial fibrillation and appropriate use of antiarrhythmic drugs, anticoagulation, and cardioversion. Identify indications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and pacemakers in conduction disorders and ventricular arrhythmias. Understand the pharmacology and indications for beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, adenosine, amiodarone, and antiarrhythmic agents.
• Risk Stratification and Prevention of Complications Assess risk factors for arrhythmias and conduction disorders, including structural heart disease, electrolyte abnormalities, and medication-induced QT prolongation. Determine stroke risk in atrial fibrillation using the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score and select appropriate anticoagulation therapy. Recognize high-risk features that warrant urgent intervention (e.g., syncope, hemodynamic instability, and sustained ventricular arrhythmias).

Robert J. Chilton, DO, MACOI, Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the Pathophysiology and Risk Stratification of Chronic Coronary Syndromes Explain the pathophysiology of chronic coronary syndromes, including the role of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial oxygen supply-demand imbalance. Identify key clinical features that differentiate chronic stable angina from acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Utilize risk stratification tools such as the Duke Treadmill Score, coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring, and stress testing to assess the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide management.
• Implement Evidence-Based Pharmacologic and Non-Pharmacologic Therapies Apply first-line pharmacologic therapies for CCS, including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, statins, antiplatelet agents (aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors), and renin-angiotensin system blockers. Recognize indications for advanced anti-anginal therapies, such as ranolazine in refractory angina. Recommend non-pharmacologic interventions, including smoking cessation, dietary modifications (Mediterranean diet), regular exercise, and cardiac rehabilitation to optimize cardiovascular health.
• Determine When to Pursue Revascularization in CCS Differentiate the indications for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) vs. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in stable ischemic heart disease. Recognize high-risk coronary anatomy, such as left main disease, proximal LAD stenosis, or multi-vessel disease in diabetics, that warrants CABG for survival benefit. Understand the role of ischemia-guided vs. anatomy-guided revascularization and the importance of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in guiding PCI decisions.

Robert J. Chilton, DO, MACOI, Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center

Learning Objectives:

• Upon completion, participants will be able to explain the mechanisms and benefits of various pharmacological interventions, including sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and ACE inhibitors, in heart failure management.
• Upon completion, participants will be able to identify and differentiate between the various classification systems for heart failure, including the ACC/AHA staging and NYHA functional classification, and apply them to clinical practice.
• Upon completion, participants will be able to analyze the clinical and therapeutic benefits of neprilysin inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure, including their impact on natriuretic peptide levels.

Arash Karnama, DO, FACOI, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Oklahoma State University

Learning Objectives:

• Improve discussions on lifestyle changes and comorbid management for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)
• Understand risk stratification testing for prediction of ASCVD and secondary prevention treatments.
• Increase awareness of novel testing for ASCVC utilizing non-invasive imaging.

Marcel Letourneau, DO (he/him/his), Interventional Cardiology, Corewell Health West

Learning Objectives:

• Define “Cardiomyopathy” and differentiate its various classifications.
• Describe the pathophysiology, presenting symptoms, physical exam, and diagnostic findings of the specific cardiomyopathies.
• Discuss the treatment of specific cardiomyopathies.

David J. Strobl, DO

Learning Objectives:

• Discuss the prevalence of CKD & the relationship between CKD and CV disease and mortality risk
• List the clinical and laboratory manifestations of CKD
• Explain the risk factors for the progression of CKD Understand the role of specific interventions and medications which will slow the progression of CKD and cardiovascular related disease

Mark D. Baldwin, DO, FACOI, FASN (he/him/his), Professor and Chair, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine

Learning Objectives:

• Compare and contrast the clinical and laboratory feature of tubulointerstial and glomerular diseases
• Discuss the causes, diagnosis and treatment of acute interstitial nephritis
• Discuss the causes, diagnosis, and treatments of chronic interstitial nepritis

Mark D. Baldwin, DO, FACOI, FASN (he/him/his), Professor and Chair, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the clinical approach to proliferative glomerulonephritis
• Understand the value of renal biopsy
• Understand the workup for hematuria

John E. Prior, DO, FACOI, Nephrologist, NEPA Nephrology Associates

Learning Objectives:

• Understand role of GLP1 drugs in diabetic nephropathy
• Become aware of alternative targets for HTN therapeutics
• Understand current recommendations for sodium correction

John E. Prior, DO, FACOI, Nephrologist, NEPA Nephrology Associates

Learning Objectives:

• Discuss the evaluation and treatments of patients with disorders of sodium and water
• Explain the causes, diagnosis and treatment of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
• Discuss the causes and treatments of potassium disorders

Mark D. Baldwin, DO, FACOI, FASN (he/him/his), Professor and Chair, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the approach to gapped metabolic acidosis
• Understand the use of the urine anion gap
• Understand the diagnosis and treatment approach to metabolic alkalosis

John E. Prior, DO, FACOI, Nephrologist, NEPA Nephrology Associates

Learning Objectives:

• Understand of guideline based treatment for hypertension
• Understand the place of the SPRINT Trial in relation to hypertension treatment goals
• Understand the workup for hypertension

John E. Prior, DO, FACOI, Nephrologist, NEPA Nephrology Associates